Modbus TCP Client Route

Modbus TCP Client

This page documents the client route (MODBUS_TCP)—the broker connects to a remote Modbus device and polls registers over MQTT. To expose MQTT topics to Modbus masters instead (SCADA, HMIs connect to the broker), see Modbus TCP Server.

The MODBUS_TCP route enables communication with PLCs, RTUs, and industrial devices using the Modbus TCP/IP protocol. It supports reading and writing registers and coils with configurable polling intervals and automatic batch optimization.

Modbus TCP is one of the most widely supported industrial protocols. If your device supports Modbus, this route provides a reliable way to integrate it with MQTT.

Basic Syntax

DEFINE ROUTE ModbusDevice WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    ADD MAPPING SensorReadings
        WITH EVERY 500 MILLISECONDS
        ADD TAG Temperature
            WITH ADDRESS "100"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/temperature"

Connection Configuration

MODBUS_CONFIG Parameters

HOST

string

required

Modbus TCP server hostname or IP address.

PORT

integer

Modbus TCP port. Default: 502.

SLAVE_ID

integer

Modbus slave/unit ID (1-247). Default: 1.

CONNECTION_TIMEOUT

integer

Connection timeout in milliseconds. Default: 5000.

READ_TIMEOUT

integer

Read operation timeout in milliseconds. Default: 1000.

WRITE_TIMEOUT

integer

Write operation timeout in milliseconds. Default: 1000.

RETRY_COUNT

integer

Number of retry attempts on failure. Default: 3.

RETRY_DELAY

integer

Delay between retries in milliseconds. Default: 100.

ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES

boolean

default:"false"

Treat plain numeric tag addresses as one-based (address 1 = PDU register 0). Modicon-style addresses (400001+, 300001+, 100001+) are always decoded regardless of this flag. See Modbus addressing.

Connection Example

ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
    WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
    WITH PORT 502
    WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    WITH CONNECTION_TIMEOUT 5000
    WITH READ_TIMEOUT 1000
    WITH WRITE_TIMEOUT 1000
    WITH RETRY_COUNT 3
    WITH RETRY_DELAY 100

Address Types

Modbus defines four address spaces:

Address Type	Description	Function Codes	Typical Use
`HOLDING_REGISTER`	Read/Write 16-bit registers	FC03, FC06, FC16	Setpoints, configuration
`INPUT_REGISTER`	Read-only 16-bit registers	FC04	Sensor values, measurements
`COIL`	Read/Write single bits	FC01, FC05, FC15	Digital outputs, controls
`DISCRETE_INPUT`	Read-only single bits	FC02	Digital inputs, status

Most Modbus devices use Holding Registers for configuration and Input Registers for measured values. Check your device documentation for the correct address type.

Modbus Addressing

Modbus addressing varies by vendor. Coreflux supports three styles—choose the one that matches your device documentation.

Style 1 — Zero-based PDU offsets (default)

The Modbus protocol uses zero-based addresses in the PDU. This is the default (ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES = false).

Device manual label	Tag `ADDRESS`
Register 1	`"0"`
Register 100	`"99"`

Use this when documentation labels the first register as 0, or when targeting integration tests that follow PDU numbering.

Style 2 — One-based plain addresses

Most device manuals label the first holding register as 1, not 0. Set WITH ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES true on MODBUS_CONFIG to use those labels directly in tag addresses.

Device manual label	Tag `ADDRESS`
Register 1	`"1"`
Register 100	`"100"`

DEFINE ROUTE ModbusDevice WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
        WITH ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES true
    ADD MAPPING Sensors
        WITH EVERY 1 SECOND
        ADD TAG Temperature
            WITH ADDRESS "1"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "sensors/temperature"

Style 3 — Modicon notation

Traditional Modicon prefix notation is always accepted. The prefix determines the address type automatically:

Modicon range	Address type	Example
400001–465536	Holding register	`400001` → PDU 0
300001–365536	Input register	`300001` → PDU 0
100001–165536	Discrete input	`100001` → PDU 0

DEFINE ROUTE ModbusDevice WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    ADD MAPPING Setpoints
        WITH EVERY 1 SECOND
        ADD TAG Setpoint
            WITH ADDRESS "400100"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "INT16"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "plc/setpoint"

Modicon-style addresses are decoded the same way regardless of ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES. The flag only affects plain numeric addresses (those without a Modicon prefix).

Conversion reference

Device manual label	`ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES false`	`ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES true`	Modicon notation
Register 1	`"0"`	`"1"`	`"400001"`
Register 100	`"99"`	`"100"`	`"400100"`
Register 1000	`"999"`	`"1000"`	`"401000"`

Multi-word types (FLOAT, INT32, and so on) occupy consecutive registers from the resolved starting address.

Data Types

DATA_TYPE

string

required

The data type determines how raw register values are interpreted:

Data Type	Size	Description
`BOOL`	1 bit	Boolean value (for coils/discrete inputs)
`BIT`	1 bit	Alias for BOOL
`INT8`	8 bits	Signed 8-bit integer
`UINT8`	8 bits	Unsigned 8-bit integer
`INT16`	16 bits	Signed 16-bit integer (1 register)
`UINT16`	16 bits	Unsigned 16-bit integer (1 register)
`INT32`	32 bits	Signed 32-bit integer (2 registers)
`UINT32`	32 bits	Unsigned 32-bit integer (2 registers)
`INT64`	64 bits	Signed 64-bit integer (4 registers)
`UINT64`	64 bits	Unsigned 64-bit integer (4 registers)
`FLOAT`	32 bits	32-bit floating point (2 registers)
`DOUBLE`	64 bits	64-bit floating point (4 registers)
`STRING`	Variable	ASCII string across multiple registers

TAG Configuration

Complete TAG Parameters

ADD TAG TemperatureSensor
    WITH ADDRESS "100"
    WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
    WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
    WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/sensors/temperature"
    WITH SCALING 0.1
    WITH OFFSET 0
    WITH UNIT "°C"
    WITH DECIMAL_PLACES 2
    WITH MIN_VALUE -40
    WITH MAX_VALUE 150
    WITH DEADBAND 0.5
    WITH PUBLISH_MODE "JSON"
    WITH WRITABLE "true"
    WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "modbus/sensors/temperature/set"
    WITH BYTE_ORDER "BIGENDIAN"
    WITH WORD_ORDER "BIGENDIAN"
    WITH DESCRIPTION "Main process temperature sensor"

TAG Parameters Reference

Address Configuration

ADDRESS

string

required

Register or coil address. Plain numeric (0–65535 zero-based by default, or 1–65536 when ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES true), or Modicon notation (400001+, 300001+, 100001+). See Modbus addressing.

ADDRESS_TYPE

string

required

Type of Modbus address: HOLDING_REGISTER, INPUT_REGISTER, COIL, or DISCRETE_INPUT.

Value Transformation

SCALING

double

Multiplier applied to raw value. Default: 1.0. Example: Raw value 245 with SCALING 0.1 becomes 24.5.

OFFSET

double

Value added after scaling. Default: 0.0. Formula: result = (raw * scaling) + offset.

DECIMAL_PLACES

integer

Number of decimal places in published value. Default: 2.

Filtering

MIN_VALUE

double

Minimum allowed value. Values below this threshold are not published.

MAX_VALUE

double

Maximum allowed value. Values above this threshold are not published.

DEADBAND

double

Minimum change required to publish a new value. Default: 0.0.

Publishing

SOURCE_TOPIC

string

Topic where PLC values are published. Subscribe here to receive sensor data.

PUBLISH_MODE

string

Output format: VALUE_ONLY or JSON. Default: VALUE_ONLY.

UNIT

string

Engineering unit for documentation (e.g., °C, bar, RPM).

DESCRIPTION

string

Human-readable description of the TAG.

Write Configuration

WRITABLE

boolean

Allow writing to this register/coil. Default: false.

DESTINATION_TOPIC

string

Topic to send write commands. Publish a value here to write it to the PLC.

Byte Ordering

BYTE_ORDER

string

Byte order for multi-byte values: BIGENDIAN or LITTLEENDIAN. Default: BIGENDIAN.

WORD_ORDER

string

Word order for 32/64-bit values: BIGENDIAN or LITTLEENDIAN. Default: BIGENDIAN.

Different manufacturers use different byte/word ordering. If values appear incorrect, try changing BYTE_ORDER or WORD_ORDER.

Event-Based Operations

For on-demand Modbus operations (not polling), use the EVENT syntax. Publish a message to SOURCE_TOPIC to trigger the operation; the route executes it and publishes the result to DESTINATION_TOPIC.

ADD EVENT ReadOnDemand
    WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/commands/read"
    WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "modbus/responses/read"
    WITH QUERY "{operation: READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS, start_address: 0, count: 10}"

Query Syntax

The WITH QUERY value uses LoT object syntax: unquoted keys, unquoted identifiers, and numeric values. The entire query is wrapped in double quotes.

Element	Format	Example
Keys	Unquoted	`operation`, `start_address`, `count`
Operation values	Unquoted identifiers	`READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS`, `READ_COILS`
Numeric values	Unquoted	`0`, `10`, `100`
String values	Unquoted (addresses)	`address: 100`

Supported Operations

Operation	Description
`READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS`	Read holding registers (FC03)
`READ_INPUT_REGISTERS`	Read input registers (FC04)
`READ_COILS`	Read coils (FC01)
`READ_DISCRETE_INPUTS`	Read discrete inputs (FC02)
`WRITE_SINGLE_REGISTER`	Write single holding register (FC06)
`WRITE_MULTIPLE_REGISTERS`	Write multiple holding registers (FC16)
`WRITE_SINGLE_COIL`	Write single coil (FC05)
`WRITE_MULTIPLE_COILS`	Write multiple coils (FC15)

Query Parameters by Operation

Operation	Parameters	Example
`READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS`	`start_address`, `count`	`{operation: READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS, start_address: 0, count: 10}`
`READ_INPUT_REGISTERS`	`start_address`, `count`	`{operation: READ_INPUT_REGISTERS, start_address: 0, count: 5}`
`READ_COILS`	`start_address`, `count`	`{operation: READ_COILS, start_address: 0, count: 8}`
`READ_DISCRETE_INPUTS`	`start_address`, `count`	`{operation: READ_DISCRETE_INPUTS, start_address: 0, count: 8}`
`WRITE_SINGLE_REGISTER`	`address`, `value`	`{operation: WRITE_SINGLE_REGISTER, address: 100, value: 42}`
`WRITE_MULTIPLE_REGISTERS`	`start_address`, `values`	`{operation: WRITE_MULTIPLE_REGISTERS, start_address: 0, values: [100, 200]}`
`WRITE_SINGLE_COIL`	`address`, `value`	`{operation: WRITE_SINGLE_COIL, address: 0, value: true}`
`WRITE_MULTIPLE_COILS`	`start_address`, `values`	`{operation: WRITE_MULTIPLE_COILS, start_address: 0, values: [true, false, true]}`

To write a value on demand, publish a message to SOURCE_TOPIC. The route executes the write and publishes the result to DESTINATION_TOPIC:

ADD EVENT WriteSetpoint
    WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/commands/write"
    WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "modbus/responses/write"
    WITH QUERY "{operation: WRITE_SINGLE_REGISTER, address: 100, value: 42}"

Complete Examples

Basic Sensor Reading
Multiple Polling Rates
Bidirectional Control
Coils and Digital I/O
Combined (Cyclic + On-Demand)

Read temperature and pressure from a Modbus device:

DEFINE ROUTE ProcessSensors WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    ADD MAPPING Sensors
        WITH EVERY 1 SECOND
        ADD TAG Temperature
            WITH ADDRESS "100"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "process/temperature"
            WITH SCALING 0.1
            WITH UNIT "°C"
        ADD TAG Pressure
            WITH ADDRESS "102"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "process/pressure"
            WITH UNIT "bar"

Group TAGs by update frequency:

DEFINE ROUTE PLCConnection WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.50"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    
    ADD MAPPING FastLoop
        WITH EVERY 100 MILLISECONDS
        ADD TAG MotorSpeed
            WITH ADDRESS "200"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "UINT16"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "plc/motor/speed"
        ADD TAG MotorCurrent
            WITH ADDRESS "201"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "INPUT_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "plc/motor/current"
    
    ADD MAPPING SlowLoop
        WITH EVERY 5 SECONDS
        ADD TAG TotalRuntime
            WITH ADDRESS "300"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "UINT32"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "plc/stats/runtime"
        ADD TAG FaultCode
            WITH ADDRESS "400"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "UINT16"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "plc/status/fault"

Read values and write setpoints:

DEFINE ROUTE ControlSystem WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    ADD MAPPING ControlLoop
        WITH EVERY 500 MILLISECONDS
        ADD TAG ProcessValue
            WITH ADDRESS "100"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "INPUT_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "control/pv"
            WITH PUBLISH_MODE "JSON"
        ADD TAG Setpoint
            WITH ADDRESS "200"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "control/sp"
            WITH WRITABLE "true"
            WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "control/sp/set"
            WITH MIN_VALUE 0
            WITH MAX_VALUE 100
        ADD TAG OutputValue
            WITH ADDRESS "300"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "control/output"

Read digital inputs and control outputs:

DEFINE ROUTE DigitalIO WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.75"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    ADD MAPPING DigitalInputs
        WITH EVERY 100 MILLISECONDS
        ADD TAG StartButton
            WITH ADDRESS "0"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "DISCRETE_INPUT"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "BOOL"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "io/inputs/start"
        ADD TAG StopButton
            WITH ADDRESS "1"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "DISCRETE_INPUT"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "BOOL"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "io/inputs/stop"
        ADD TAG RunningLight
            WITH ADDRESS "0"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "COIL"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "BOOL"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "io/outputs/running"
            WITH WRITABLE "true"
            WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "io/outputs/running/set"

Continuous monitoring with on-demand read and write events in the same route:

DEFINE ROUTE FullModbusSetup WITH TYPE MODBUS_TCP
    ADD MODBUS_CONFIG
        WITH HOST "192.168.1.100"
        WITH PORT 502
        WITH SLAVE_ID 1
    
    ADD MAPPING ProcessSensors
        WITH EVERY 500 MILLISECONDS
        ADD TAG Temperature
            WITH ADDRESS "100"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "process/temperature"
            WITH UNIT "°C"
        ADD TAG Pressure
            WITH ADDRESS "102"
            WITH ADDRESS_TYPE "HOLDING_REGISTER"
            WITH DATA_TYPE "FLOAT"
            WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "process/pressure"
            WITH UNIT "bar"
    
    ADD EVENT ReadRegisters
        WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/commands/read"
        WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "modbus/responses/read"
        WITH QUERY "{operation: READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS, start_address: 0, count: 10}"
    
    ADD EVENT WriteSetpoint
        WITH SOURCE_TOPIC "modbus/commands/write"
        WITH DESTINATION_TOPIC "modbus/responses/write"
        WITH QUERY "{operation: WRITE_SINGLE_REGISTER, address: 200, value: 0}"

To trigger the on-demand read, publish any message to modbus/commands/read. The route reads registers 0-9 and publishes the result to modbus/responses/read. To write, publish to modbus/commands/write.

Troubleshooting

Connection Timeout

Verify IP address and port are correct
Check firewall settings (port 502 must be open)
Ensure device is powered on and connected to network
Try increasing CONNECTION_TIMEOUT

Incorrect Values

Verify ADDRESS matches device documentation—try WITH ONE_BASED_ADDRESSES true if the manual labels registers starting at 1
Use Modicon notation (400100) when the datasheet shows prefixed addresses
Check BYTE_ORDER and WORD_ORDER settings
Confirm DATA_TYPE matches register size
Verify SCALING and OFFSET calculations

Write Operations Fail

Ensure WRITABLE is set to “true”
Verify ADDRESS_TYPE is HOLDING_REGISTER or COIL
Check device permissions for write operations
Verify value is within MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE

Slave ID Errors

Confirm correct SLAVE_ID (usually 1 for TCP devices)
Some gateways use different slave IDs for different devices
Check device documentation for correct unit ID

Next Steps

Modbus Serial Client

Connect to RS-232/RS-485 Modbus RTU devices.

Modbus TCP Server

Expose MQTT topics as Modbus registers for SCADA and HMIs.

Quick Start

Developing and Managing Coreflux

Coreflux MQTT Broker

LoT Language

Product Updates